rilana

Meningococcal disease

2009-07-23T09:52:00.000-07:00

Meningococcal disease is caused by bacteria (germs) called meningococci, also known as Neisseria meningitidis. Although meningococcal disease is uncommon, it is a very serious disease. The infection can develop quickly and can cause serious illness or death. Children under five years of age and young adults aged 15 to 24 years are most at risk. Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are vital.

Meningococci bacteria commonly cause:
Meningitis – infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord
Septicaemia – infection in the bloodstream.

Both these infections are medical emergencies. If you think a person has symptoms that suggest meningitis or septicaemia, contact your doctor immediately, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance or go to the nearest hospital emergency department.

Most common in winter and spring
Meningococcal disease can occur all year round and in all age groups. However, it is more common during winter and early spring. In Victoria, the highest risk is in children under five years of age and young adults aged 15 to 24 years. About one-third of cases are in people 25 years of age or older.

Signs and symptoms – infants and young children
Signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease in infants and young children can include:

Fever
Refusing to take feeds
Irritability, fretfulness
Grunting or moaning
Extreme tiredness or floppiness
Dislike of being handled
Nausea and/or vomiting
Diarrhoea
Turning away from light (photophobia)
Drowsiness
Convulsions or twitching
Rash of red–purple pinprick spots or larger bruises.

Signs and symptoms – older children and adults
The signs and symptoms of meningococcal disease in older children and adults can include:

Fever
Headache
Loss of appetite
Neck stiffness
Discomfort when looking at bright lights (photophobia)
Nausea and/or vomiting
Diarrhoea
Aching or sore muscles
Painful or swollen joints
Difficulty walking
General malaise
Moaning, unintelligible speech
Drowsiness
Confusion
Collapse
Rash of red–purple pinprick spots or larger bruises.

Insurance

2009-07-13T13:18:00.000-07:00

American, accommodation Insurance

Insurance, Accident, Adjuster, Car

Bottle of Pills and Insurance

Car keys on insurance form

Medical insurance and pharmaceutical

Health insurance

Home insurance

MRSA

2009-07-07T17:50:00.001-07:00

MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It causes an infection that is resistant to several common antibiotics. There are two types of infection. Hospital-associated MRSA happens to people in healthcare settings. Community-associated MRSA happens to people who have close skin-to-skin contact with others, such as athletes involved in football and wrestling.

Infection control is key to stopping MRSA in hospitals. To prevent community-associated MRSA

* Practice good hygiene
* Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed
* Avoid contact with other people’s wounds or bandages
* Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, washcloths, razors, or clothes
* Wash soiled sheets, towels and clothes in hot water with bleach and dry in a hot dryer

If a wound appears to be infected, see a healthcare provider. Treatment may include draining the infection and antibiotics.

Headache and eye problems

2009-06-29T11:01:00.000-07:00

There are a variety of eye problems that can cause headache. In some cases, the headache is caused by the person squinting and overworking the eye muscles in an attempt to better focus their vision. In other cases, problems of internal pressure and swelling within the structures of the eye can ‘refer’ pain into other areas of the head. Difficulties with vision, such as blurring caused by long-sightedness, can be corrected with prescription glasses or contact lenses. Other disorders, such as glaucoma, need to be medically investigated and treated promptly. Once the cause of eyestrain is corrected, the associated headaches should ease.

The structure of the eye

The eye is our organ of vision. An image passes through its many layers and is focused on the back of the eye, called the retina. The retina contains light sensitive cells, called rods and cones. Information on shape, colour and pattern is picked up by the retina and carried to the brain via the optic nerve. The eye focuses images with two structures, the lens and the cornea. The lens is fine focus, while the cornea is fixed focus. The cornea is plumped up by a small chamber containing fluid called aqueous humour, while vitreous humour is the thick, jelly-like fluid that fills the main body of the eyeball and keeps it firm.

Refractive errors

The cornea and the lens work together to focus images on the retina at the back of the eye. Sometimes, this delicate interplay fails and the small muscles of the eye are forced to work harder. The result is tired, aching eyes, blurred vision and headache. Most conditions can be corrected with prescription glasses or contact lenses.

The main problems that cause eyestrain and associated headache include:

Astigmatism - the cornea is not a regular shape, which means that objects look blurry from certain angles. A person with astigmatism tends to squint in order to better focus their vision, which can contribute to headache.
Hyperopia - or long-sightedness. Instead of focusing the image squarely on the retina at the back of the eye, the image is focused to a point behind the eye.
Presbyopia - the lens becomes hard and inflexible with age. The symptoms include difficulties in focusing closely, sore eyes, sluggish changes in focus when looking from one distance to another, and headache.

Glaucoma is a build-up of fluid

The eye disease glaucoma can cause severe headache in some cases. Intraocular pressure refers to the amount of pressure inside the eye exerted by the aqueous humour. Glaucoma is characterised by a build-up of aqueous humour, caused by insufficient drainage. The result is damage to the optic nerve. It is not possible to prevent glaucoma from developing, but early detection may help to curb its progression. The two main types of glaucoma include:

Open angle glaucoma - the slow build-up of intraocular pressure over time; this type usually presents no symptoms.
Angle closure glaucoma - the sharp increase in intraocular pressure results in severe pain, blurred vision, watering of the eyes, nausea and vomiting. This type of glaucoma attack needs prompt medical intervention.

How are cluster headaches treated?

2009-06-22T10:08:00.000-07:00

The Cluster headaches can be very complicated to treat and it make take trial and error to find the specific treatment regimen that will work for each patient. Since the headache recurs daily, there are two treatment needs. The pain of the first episode needs to be controlled, and additional headaches need to be prevented.

Initial treatment options may include the following:

* Inhalation of high concentrations of oxygen (though this will not work if the headache is well established);

* injection of tryptan medications, for example, sumatriptan (Imitrex), zolmitriptan (Zomig), and rizatriptan (Maxalt) which are commonly used for migraine treatments as well;

* injection of lidocaine, a local anesthetic, into the nostril;

* dihydroergotamine (DHE, Migranal), a medication that causes blood vessels to constrict;

* caffeine

Preventative cluster headache treatment options may include the following:

* calcium channel blockers [for example, verapamil (Calan, Verelan, Verelan PM, Isoptin, Covera-HS), diltiazem (Cardizem, Dilacor, Tiazac)]

* prednisone (Deltasone, Liquid Pred)

* antidepressant medications

* lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid)

* valproic acid, divalproex (Depakote, Depakote ER, Depakene, Depacon), and topiramate (Topamax) (often used for seizure control)

Symptoms of headaches

2009-06-15T11:27:00.000-07:00

The symptoms of tension headache are:

A pain that begins in the back of the head and upper neck as a band-like tightness or pressure.

Described as a band of pressure encircling the head with the most intense pain over the eyebrows.

The pain is usually mild (not disabling) and bilateral (affecting both sides of the head).

Not associated with an aura (see below) and are not associated with nausea, vomiting, or sensitivity to light and sound.

Usually occur sporadically (infrequently and without a pattern) but can occur frequently and even daily in some people.

Most people are able to function despite their tension headaches.

Symptoms of cluster headaches:

Cluster headaches are headaches that come in groups (clusters) lasting weeks or months, separated by pain-free periods of months or years.

During the period in which the cluster headaches occur, pain typically occurs once or twice daily, but some patients may experience pain more than twice daily.

Each episode of pain lasts from 30 minutes to an hour and a half.

Attacks tend to occur at about the same time every day and often awaken the patient at night from a sound sleep.

The pain typically is excruciating and located around or behind one eye.

Some patients describe the pain as feeling like a hot poker in the eye. The affected eye may become red, inflamed, and watery.

The nose on the affected side may become congested and runny.

Headache Medication Guide

2009-06-04T10:15:00.001-07:00

The accurate biological changes that arise with migraine, cluster, and tension headaches are not absolutely known. Medical research studies have shown that slightest one of the following factors is usually complicated:

1. Fluctuations in the amount of “neurotransmitters,” especially serotonin, circulating in the body. Neurotransmitters such as serotonin, nor epinephrine and dopamine are chemicals that special cells release to produce changes in your body. Inappropriate amounts of neurotransmitters can contribute to headaches, particularly chronic headache.

2. Inflammation around nerves and blood vessels in your head can result in pain.

3. In the past, medical experts thought that migraine was caused by blood vessel changes. When blood vessels enlarge (dilate), they can release irritating chemicals and physically stimulate surrounding nerves, both of which may lead to pain. We now know that blood vessel changes, though they do occur, are not the primary biological cause of migraine and other headaches.

4. Muscle tension previously was also viewed as the main cause of headaches. Today, we know that muscle tension can contribute to headaches but is not typically the main cause.

Most medications used in headache treatment are intended to help with at least one of the following:

1. Mimic serotonin effects
2. Maintain appropriate levels of your body’s own serotonin (or other neurotransmitters)
3. Limit inflammation
4. Stabilize blood vessels
5. Reduce muscle tension

Treatment of chronic headaches is often a challenging, long-term process. Though medications can provide benefits by themselves, they are usually more effective when combined with other therapies. These may include proper diet, stress management, adequate sleep, counseling and exercise.

Pain threshold

2009-05-29T12:31:00.000-07:00

In a technical and medical literature the term pain threshold indicates the least stimulus which elicits pain (as reported by the subject) and is clearly differentiated from the term pain acceptance which indicates the degree of pain which a topic can tolerate before experiencing physical or emotional impairment and involves a measurement of a subject's response to pain. Compare this to absolute threshold, which is the lowest level of stimulus that is physiologically measurable.

Increased and decreased pain threshold

Pain threshold is frequently a function of how healthy the pain nerves and central pain processing pathways are, and of the chemical milieu in the tissues which the nociceptors innervate. It is commonly reduced by inflammation in the vicinity of nociceptors, such that normal touch becomes painful in the area of inflammation (allodynia). In such circumstances, the use of anti-inflammatory medications or physical therapies such as cooling or mild heat may return the nerve sensitivity or threshold to normal - it does not increase the threshold to above normal.

The use of morphine-like drugs does elevate the pain threshold (as well as pain tolerance). The same is true of a diverse number of other centrally acting analgesic drugs affecting pain relay neurons. Local physical techniques such as electrical stimulation, cooling or heat may temporarily increase the pain threshold.

However, short of damaging pain nerves - such as may occur in nerve injuries or neuropathies - the effects of interventions (pharmacological or physical) used to increase the pain threshold do not last much longer than the duration of their use. Additionally, in normal healthy persons, it is not significantly changed by any mental or physical practice or training. In contrast, pain tolerance may be increased by medications as well as by physical, cognitive and affective interventions and training.

Joint dislocation

2009-05-03T23:49:00.000-07:00

Joint dislocation, or luxation (Latin: luxatio), occurs when bones in a joint become displaced or misaligned. It is often caused by a sudden impact to the joint. The ligaments always become damaged as a result of a dislocation. A subluxation is a partial dislocation.A dislocated joint can only be successfully 'reduced' into its normal position by a trained medical professional. Trying to reduce a joint without any training could result in making the injury substantially worse. X-rays are usually taken to confirm a diagnosis and detect any fractures which may also have occurred at the time of dislocation. A dislocation is easily seen on an X-ray. Once a diagnosis is confirmed, the joint is usually manipulated back into position.

This can be a very painful process, therefore this is typically done either in A&E under sedation or in an Operating Room under a General anaesthetic. It is important the joint is reduced as soon as possible, as in the state of dislocation, the blood supply to the joint (or distal anatomy) may be compromised. This is especially true in the case of a dislocated ankle, due to the anatomy of the blood supply to the foot. Shoulder injuries can also be surgically stabilized, depending on the severity, using arthroscopic surgery. Some joints are more at risk of becoming dislocated again after an initial injury. This is due to the weakening of the muscles and ligaments which hold the joint in place. The shoulder is a prime example of this. Any shoulder dislocation should be followed up with thorough physiotherapy. There are some medical conditions by where joint dislocations are frequent and spontaneous, such as Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome and Congenital Hip Dysplasia.

Mesothelioma

2009-04-27T10:52:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma

2009-04-27T10:06:00.000-07:00

The tissue that lines your lungs, stomach, heart and other organs is called mesothelium. Mesothelioma is cancer of that tissue. It is a rare but serious type of cancer. It usually starts in the lungs, but can also start in the abdomen or other organs. Most people who develop mesothelioma have worked on jobs where they inhaled asbestos particles. It can take a long time - 30 to 50 years - between being around asbestos and getting the disease. Treatment includes surgery, radiation, chemotherapy or all three.

Asbestos is the name of a group of minerals with long, thin fibers. It was once used widely as insulation. It also occurs in the environment. Asbestos fibers are so small you can't see them. Disturbing asbestos can cause fibers to float in the air. When this happens, they are easy to inhale. You breathe out most fibers, but some become lodged in the lungs.

Mitral Valve Prolapse

2009-04-15T15:03:00.000-07:00

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) occurs when one of your heart's valves doesn't work properly. MVP is one of the more common heart valve conditions. Most often, it's a lifelong condition that a person is born with. Most people with MVP have no symptoms or problems, need no treatment, and are able to lead normal, active lives.

MVP puts you at risk for infective endocarditis, a kind of heart infection. To prevent it, doctors used to prescribe antibiotics before dental work or certain surgeries. Now, only people at high risk of endocarditis need the antibiotics.

If you need treatment for MVP, medicines can help relieve symptoms or prevent complications. Very few people will need surgery to repair or replace the mitral valve.

Symptoms And Prevention Of Skin Cancer

2009-04-06T02:18:00.000-07:00

The Skin cancer

The skin is the body's largest organ. It protects against heat, light, injury, and infection. It helps control body temperature. It stores water and fat. The skin also makes vitamin D.

The skin has two main layers:

Epidermis: The epidermis is the top layer of the skin. It is mostly made of flat cells. These are squamous cells. Under the squamous cells in the deepest part of the epidermis are round cells called basal cells. Cells called melanocytes make the pigment (color) found in skin and are located in the lower part of the epidermis.

Dermis: The dermis is under the epidermis. It contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and glands. Some of these glands make sweat, which helps cool the body. Other glands make sebum. Sebum is an oily substance that helps keep the skin from drying out. Sweat and sebum reach the surface of the skin through tiny openings called pores.

Prevention Of Skin Cancer

The best way to prevent skin cancer is to protect yourself from the sun. Also, protect children from an early age. Doctors suggest that people of all ages limit their time in the sun and avoid other sources of UV radiation:

It is best to stay out of the midday sun (from mid-morning to late afternoon) whenever you can. You also should protect yourself from UV radiation reflected by sand, water, snow, and ice. UV radiation can go through light clothing, windshields, windows, and clouds.
Wear long sleeves and long pants of tightly woven fabrics, a hat with a wide brim, and sunglasses that absorb UV.
Use sunscreen lotions. Sunscreen may help prevent skin cancer, especially broad-spectrum sunscreen (to filter UVB and UVA rays) with a sun protection factor (SPF) of at least 15. But you still need to avoid the sun and wear clothing to protect your skin.
Stay away from sunlamps and tanning booths.

Symptoms Of Skin Cancer

Most basal cell and squamous cell skin cancers can be cured if found and treated early.

A change on the skin is the most common sign of skin cancer. This may be a new growth, a sore that doesn't heal, or a change in an old growth. Not all skin cancers look the same. Skin changes to watch for:

Small, smooth, shiny, pale, or waxy lump

Firm, red lump

Sore or lump that bleeds or develops a crust or a scab

Flat red spot that is rough, dry, or scaly and may become itchy or tender

Red or brown patch that is rough and scaly

Sometimes skin cancer is painful, but usually it is not.

Checking your skin for new growths or other changes is a good idea. A guide for checking your skin is below. Keep in mind that changes are not a sure sign of skin cancer. Still, you should report any changes to your health care provider right away. You may need to see a dermatologist, a doctor who has special training in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems.

Eye Allergies (Allergic Conjunctivitis)

2009-04-01T09:22:00.000-07:00

Allergies: Allergy Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis is one of the most common and treatable eye conditions in children and adults. Often called "pink eye," it is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the tissue that lines the inside of the eyelid and helps keep the eyelid and eyeball moist.

Viruses, bacteria, irritating substances (shampoo, dirt, smoke, pool chlorine), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or allergens (substances that cause allergies) can all cause conjunctivitis. Pink eye caused by bacteria, viruses or STDs can spread easily from person to person but is not a serious health risk if diagnosed promptly; allergic conjunctivitis is not contagious.

Allergic Conjunctivitis

It is important to find out whether your pink eye is caused by allergies or infection because each condition has different treatments. This article focuses on allergic conjunctivitis.
What Are the Symptoms of Allergic Conjunctivitis?

Symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis include:

* Redness in the white of the eye or inner eyelid
* Increased amount of tears
* Itchy eyes
* Blurred vision
* Swelling of the eyelid

See your ophthalmologist (a doctor and surgeon who is trained to treat eye conditions) optometrist (doctor trained to treat eye conditions) or family doctor if you have any of these persistent symptoms.

How Is Allergic Conjunctivitis Treated?

Allergy-associated conjunctivitis may disappear completely, either when the allergy is treated with antihistamines, or when the allergen is removed. Your doctor may recommend you use one or more of the following:

Ocular (topical) decongestants: These medicines reduce redness by constricting small blood vessels in the eye. They are not recommended for long-term use. Using these drops for more than a few days can actually worsen symptoms.

Ocular (topical) antihistamines: These medicines reduce redness, swelling and itching by blocking the actions of histamine, the chemical that causes these symptoms of allergy. They are available both over-the-counter and by prescription.

Ocular (topical) steroids: When other medicines fail, your doctor may prescribe steroid eye drops to relieve the symptoms of conjunctivitis. These must be used with the supervision of your doctor since they can cause elevated pressure inside of the eye, which can lead to vision damage. Your doctor also must check for viral eye infections, such as herpes, before optical steroids are used. These drops can also increase the risk of cataracts, clouding of the lens of the eye that can impair vision.

Cromolyn: This medicine works by preventing specialized cells from releasing histamine. It works best when started before symptoms occur.

Immunotherapy: Allergy shots can be effective for treating allergic conjunctivitis.

What Can I Do to Relieve Symptoms?

To relieve symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis:

Remove contact lenses, if you wear them.
Place cold compresses on your eyes.
Try nonprescription "artificial tears," a type of eye drop that may help relieve itching and burning (Note: Other types of eye drops may irritate the eyes and should not be used.) Do not use the same bottle of drops in the other eye if it is not affected.

The best defense against allergic conjunctivitis is a good offense: try to avoid substances that trigger your allergies.

Other Tips:

* Don't touch or rub the affected eye(s).
* Wash your hands often with soap and warm water.
* Wash your bed linens, pillowcases and towels in hot water and detergent to reduce allergens.
* Avoid wearing eye makeup.
* Don't share eye makeup with anyone else.
* Never wear another person's contact lens.
* Wear glasses instead of contact lenses to reduce irritation.
* Wash your hands before applying the eye drops or ointment to your eye or your child's eye.
* Do not use eye drops that were used in an infected eye in a non-infected eye.

Birth of Baby

2009-03-31T09:44:00.000-07:00

ECG Scanning

2009-03-25T08:19:00.000-07:00

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is a record of the electric activity of the heart. A standard ECG is produced by sensing electric potentials in six leads from the limbs and six leads from the chest.

Electric signals of the heart spread in all directions. However each standard lead can accurately represent only a small spatial sector around its axis (axes are shown as green arrows). When projected onto an imaginary sphere surrounding the heart, such a conic sector would look like a small circle or an oval.

When an ECG is taken, twelve standard ECG leads may produce normal tracings (gray ovals) while a pathologic focus (black spot) may remain unnoticed. This happens, because electric signals (red arrow) from the pathologic focus do not propagate along (are not collinear with) the axes of any of standard ECG leads and therefore their magnitude does not reach diagnostic thresholds to be properly detected. In such cases a correct diagnosis is missed.

Atrial Fibrillation

2009-03-18T08:11:00.001-07:00

AF is the most common type of serious arrhythmia. It’s a very fast and irregular contraction of the atria. AF occurs when the heart’s electrical signal begins in a different part of the atrium than the sinoatrial (SA) node or when the signal is conducted abnormally. When this happens, the electrical signal doesn’t travel through the normal pathways in the atria, but instead may spread throughout the atria in a fast and disorganized manner. This causes the walls of the atria to quiver very fast (fibrillate) instead of beating normally.

AF and other supraventricular arrhythmias can occur for no apparent reason. Most of the time, however, they are caused by an underlying condition that damages the heart muscle and its ability to conduct electrical impulses. These conditions include high blood pressure (hypertension), coronary artery disease, heart failure, or rheumatic heart disease.

Other conditions also can lead to AF, including overactive thyroid gland (too much thyroid hormone produced) and heavy alcohol use. AF also becomes more common as people get older.

Melanoma

2009-03-11T10:31:00.000-07:00

Melanoma is the most serious type of skin cancer. Often the first sign of melanoma is a change in the size, shape, color or feel of a mole. Most melanomas have a black or black-blue area. Melanoma may also appear as a new mole. It may be black, abnormal or "ugly looking."

Thinking of "ABCD" can help you remember what to watch for:

* Asymmetry - the shape of one half does not match the other
* Border - the edges are ragged, blurred or irregular
* Color - the color in uneven and may include shades of black, brown and tan
* Diameter - there is a change in size, usually an increase

Melanoma can be cured if it is diagnosed and treated early. If melanoma is not removed in its early stages, cancer cells may grow downward from the skin surface and invade healthy tissue. If it spreads to other parts of the body it can be difficult to control.

Healthcare

2009-03-11T08:18:00.000-07:00

The term ‘healthcare communications’ describes a part of the marketing mix which is complementary to, but separate from sales, advertising and direct mail. There is a wide range of activities that will fall within the remit of healthcare communications. Broadly speaking these range from ‘public relations’ such as working with the media or disease awareness campaigns to ‘medical education’ such as clinical meetings, symposia and education resources for healthcare professionals.

Healthcare communications plays a part in most of the activities that support a drug through its lifecycle:

* Strategic planning
* Clinical trial recruitment
* KOL development
* Professional relations
* Product launches
* Conferences and symposia
* Data dissemination
* Disease awareness
* Issues and crisis management

Healthcare communications is a marriage of three areas: science; business and art. It is the combination of these three disciplines that often appeals to people and makes this career path a challenging and rewarding one.

Medical Device Safety

2009-03-04T14:43:00.001-08:00

Medical devices include instruments, machines or implants used in medical care. Some, like X-ray machines or thermometers, diagnose diseases or conditions. Others, like pacemakers or inhalers, are used for prevention or treatment.

In the U.S., the government's Food and Drug Administration (FDA) must approve any device before it can be sold. The FDA also monitors safety for approved devices. If a device is defective or causes a health risk, the FDA can issue a recall.

If you use a medical device at home, make sure that you understand how to use it and follow the directions carefully.
The decision whether or not to dispose of a potentially contaminated medical device is usually made by the pharmacy owner in consultation with appropriate federal, state, and local authorities. In determining which medical devices should be discarded, the owner must assess each product’s current condition and potential safety risks. For additional information, see FDA advice about medical devices that have been exposed to unusual levels of heat and humidity.

Bones Grow

2009-02-24T09:35:00.000-08:00

When you were a baby, you had tiny hands, tiny feet, and tiny everything! Slowly,as you grew older, everything became a bit bigger, including your bones.

A baby's body has about 300 bones at birth. These eventually fuseto form the 206 bones that adults have. Some of a baby's bones are made entirely of a special material called cartilage Other bones in a baby are partly made of cartilage. This cartilage is soft and flexible.

During childhood, as you are growing, the cartilage grows and is slowly replaced by bone, with help from calcium.

By the time you are about 25, this process will be complete. After this happens, there can be no more growth — the bones are as big as they will ever be. All of these bones make up a skeleton that is both very strong and very light.

Medicaid

2009-02-18T10:10:00.000-08:00

Medicaid is government health insurance that helps many low-income people in the United States to pay their medical bills. Although the Federal government establishes general guidelines for the program, each state has its own rules. Your state might require you to pay a small part of the cost for some medical services.

You have to meet certain requirements to be eligible for Medicaid. These might involve

Your age

Whether you are pregnant, disabled or blind

Your income and resources

Whether or not you are a U.S. citizen or a lawfully admitted immigrant.

Measles

2009-02-11T12:05:00.001-08:00

Measles is an infectious disease caused by a virus. It spreads easily from person to person. The main symptom of measles is an itchy skin rash. The rash often starts on the head and moves down the body. Other symptoms include

* Fever
* Cough
* Runny nose
* Conjunctivitis (pink eye)

Sometimes measles can lead to serious problems. There is no treatment for measles, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. You may have heard of "German measles", also known as rubella, which is a different illness altogether.

Radiation Emergencies

2009-02-04T11:47:00.000-08:00

Radiation is a type of energy. People are exposed to small amounts of radiation every day from sources such as sunlight. A radiation emergency would involve larger amounts of radiation and could be caused by

* Dirty bombs - a mix of explosives with radioactive powder
* Fallout from a nuclear bomb
* Accidental release from a nuclear reactor or a nuclear weapons plant.

A lot of radiation over a short period can cause burns or radiation sickness. If the exposure is large enough, it can cause premature aging or even death.

Although there are no guarantees of safety during a radiation emergency, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan. Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety and losses.

Biodefense and Bioterrorism

2009-01-28T13:36:00.000-08:00

Terrorism refers to the use or threat of force or violence against people or property. A bioterrorist attack releases viruses, bacteria, or other germs to cause illness or death. These biological agents are typically found in nature. But they can sometimes be made more harmful by increasing their ability to cause or spread disease, or to resist medical treatment.

Biological agents spread through the air, water or in food. They can be very hard to detect, and they don't cause illness for several hours or days. Some agents can also be spread from person to person. Scientists worry that anthrax, botulism, hemorrhagic fever viruses such as Ebola, plague, or smallpox could be used as biological agents.

Biodefense involves medical measures to protect people against biological agents. This means medicines and vaccinations. It also means medical research and preparations to defend against bioterrorist attacks.

Marijuana

2009-01-14T09:14:00.000-08:00

Marijuana is a dry, shredded mix of flowers, stems, seeds and leaves of the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. People usually smoke it as a cigarette or in a pipe. It is the most commonly abused illegal drug in the United States.

Abusing marijuana can result in problems with memory, learning and social behavior. It can interfere with family, school, work and other activities.

Scientific studies are underway to test the safety and usefulness of cannabis compounds for treating certain medical conditions. Currently, smoking marijuana is not recommended for the treatment of any disease or condition.

Medicare

2009-01-07T15:13:00.000-08:00

Medicare is the U.S. government's health insurance program for people age 65 or older. Certain people under age 65 can qualify for Medicare, too, including those with disabilities, permanent kidney failure or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Medicare helps with the cost of health care, but it does not cover all medical expenses or the cost of most long-term care. The program has four parts:

* Part A is hospital insurance.
* Part B helps pay for medical services that Part A doesn't cover.
* Part C is called Medicare Advantage. If you have Parts A and B, you can choose this option to receive all of your health care through a provider organization, like an HMO.
* Part D is prescription drug coverage. It helps pay for some medicines.

Genetic Brain Disorders

2008-12-31T09:08:00.000-08:00

A genetic disorder is a disease caused by a different form of a gene, called a variation, or a change in a gene, called a mutation. Genetic brain disorders specifically affect the development and function of the brain.

Some genetic brain disorders are due to random gene mutations or mutations caused by environmental exposure, such as cigarette smoke. Other disorders are inherited, which means that a mutated gene or group of genes is passed down through a family. Still other disorders are due to a combination of genetic changes and other outside factors. Some examples of genetic brain disorders include leukodystrophies, phenylketonuria, Tay-Sachs disease, and Wilson disease.

Many people with genetic brain disorders fail to produce enough of certain proteins that influence brain development and function. These brain disorders can cause serious problems that affect the nervous system. Some are life-threatening.

Bipolar Disorder

2008-12-24T09:03:00.000-08:00

Bipolar disorder is a serious mental illness. People who have it experience dramatic mood swings. They may go from overly energetic, "high" and/or irritable, to sad and hopeless, and then back again. They often have normal moods in between. The up feeling is called mania. The down feeling is depression.

Bipolar disorder can run in families. It usually starts in late adolescence or early adulthood. If you think you may have it, tell your health care provider. A medical checkup can rule out other illnesses that might cause your mood changes.

Untreated, bipolar disorder can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide. However, there are effective treatments: medicines and "talk therapy". A combination usually works best.

Mammography

2008-12-17T08:43:00.000-08:00

A mammogram is a special type of X-ray of the breasts. Mammograms can show tumors long before they are big enough for you or your health care provider to feel. Mammograms are recommended every year or two for women older than 40. They are also recommended for younger women who have symptoms of breast cancer or who have a high risk of the disease.

Mammograms are quick and easy. You stand in front of an X-ray machine. The person who takes the X-rays places your breast between two plastic plates. The plates press your breast and make it flat. This may be uncomfortable, but it helps get a clear picture. You will have an X-ray of each breast. A mammogram takes only a few seconds and it can help save your life.

Managed Care

2008-12-10T14:06:00.000-08:00

Managed care plans are health insurance plans that contract with health care providers and medical facilities to provide care for members at reduced costs. These providers make up the plan's network. How much of your care the plan will pay for depends on the network's rules.

Restrictive plans generally cost you less. More flexible plans cost more. There are three types of managed care plans:

* Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO) usually only pay for care within the network. You choose a primary care doctor who coordinates most of your care.
* Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO) usually pay more if you get care within the network, but they still pay a portion if you go outside
* Point of Service (POS) plans let you choose between an HMO or a PPO each time you need care

Male Breast Cancer

2008-11-19T14:54:00.001-08:00

Male breast cancer is rare. It happens most often to men between the ages of 60 and 70. Risk factors for male breast cancer include exposure to radiation, a family history of breast cancer and having high estrogen levels, which can occur with diseases like cirrhosis or Klinefelter's syndrome.

Symptoms of male breast cancer include lumps, changes to the nipple or breast skin, or discharge of fluid from the nipple. Treatment for male breast cancer is usually a mastectomy, which is surgery to remove the breast. Other treatments include radiation, chemotherapy and/or hormone therapy.

Malaria

2008-11-12T13:16:00.000-08:00

Malaria is a serious disease caused by a parasite. Infected mosquitoes spread it. Malaria is a major cause of death worldwide, but it is almost wiped out in the United States. The disease is mostly a problem in developing countries with warm climates. If you travel to these countries, you are at risk. There are four different types of malaria caused by four related parasites. The most deadly type occurs in Africa south of the Sahara Desert.

Malaria symptoms include chills, flu-like symptoms, fever, vomiting, diarrhea and jaundice. The disease can be life-threatening. However, you can treat malaria with medicines. The type of medicine depends on which kind of malaria you have and where you were infected.

Malaria can be prevented. When traveling to malaria-prone regions

* See your doctor for medicines that protect you
* Wear insect repellent with DEET
* Cover up
* Sleep under mosquito netting

Shoppen und Jugendliche

2008-11-04T14:06:00.000-08:00

T-Shirts, Hosen, Jacken und vieles mehr – Shoppen ist für viele Jugendliche ein Hobby. Doch worauf legen junge Leute Wert? Auf gute Qualität, auf die Marke oder auf einen guten Preis? JOKER-Reporterin Rilana Heiber hat sich mal umgehört.

Roberta Wegert (16) aus Horneburg legt keinen Wert auf Markenkleidung. „Ich sehe nicht ein, wieso ich so viel Geld für ein T-Shirt ausgeben sollte, wenn auch billigere Sachen gut aussehen“, meint sie. Wichtig ist für sie, dass ihr die Klamotten toll stehen und nicht welches Label auf der Kleidung zu lesen ist.

Finja Kraft aus Steinkirchen sieht das anders. Der 16-Jährigen gefällt es, Markenkleidung zu tragen. „Aber natürlich nur, wenn es schön aussieht“, sagt sie.

Cosmetics

2008-10-15T00:55:00.000-07:00

Cosmetics are products you apply to your body to clean it, make it more attractive or change the way it looks. They include

* Hair dyes
* Makeup
* Perfumes
* Skin-care creams

Products such as dandruff shampoo, fluoride toothpaste and antiperspirant deodorant are both cosmetics and drugs. A good way to tell if you're buying a cosmetic that is also a drug is to see if the first ingredient listed is an "active ingredient." The active ingredient is the chemical that makes the product effective, and the manufacturer must have proof that it's safe for its intended use. To find out all the ingredients in a cosmetic you use, check the container. Manufacturers are required to list them. Labels such as "natural" and "hypoallergenic" have no official meaning. Companies can use them to mean whatever they want.

MRI Scans

2008-09-24T02:37:00.000-07:00

Magnetic resonance imaging uses a large attraction and radio waves to look at organs and structure within your body. Health care professional use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of situation, from torn ligaments to tumor. MRIs are very useful for investigative the brain and spinal cord.

During the scan, you lie on a table that slides within a tunnel-shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is effortless. The MRI machine makes a lot of noise. The technician may offer you earplugs.

Before you get a scrutinize, tell your doctor if you

* Are expectant

* Have pieces of metal in your corpse. You might have metal in your body if you have a shrapnel or bullet wound or if you are a welder

* Have electronic plans in your body, such as a cardiac pacesetter

Minerals

2008-09-17T00:26:00.000-07:00

Minerals are significant for your body to stay healthy. Your body uses minerals for many dissimilar jobs, including building bones, making hormones and modifiable your heartbeat.

There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace natural resources. Macrominerals are minerals your body needs in larger amount. They include calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride and sulfur. Your body needs just small amount of trace minerals. These contain iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride and selenium.

The best way to get the minerals your body wants is by eating a wide diversity of foods. In some cases, your doctor may advocate a mineral addition.

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

2008-09-10T05:43:00.000-07:00

Creutzfeldt-Jakob illness is a rare, degenerative brain disorder. Symptoms typically start around age 60. Memory harms, behavior changes, vision harms and poor muscle coordination progress rapidly to dementia, coma and death. Most patients die within a year.

The three main category of CJD are

* sporadic CJD, which occurs for no recognized reason

* hereditary CJD, which runs in family

* acquired CJD, which occurs from contact with impure tissue, usually during a medical procedure

Cattle can get an illness related to CJD called bovine spongiform encephalopathy or "mad cow illness." It is possible that populace can get a variation of CJD from eating beef from an impure animal.

Macular Degeneration

2008-08-26T21:33:00.000-07:00

Macular degeneration or age-related macular degeneration is an important cause of vision loss in Americans 60 and elder. It is a illness that destroys your sharp, inner vision. You need central vision to see things clearly and to do tasks such as analysis and driving.

AMD affect the macula, the part of the eye that allows you to see fine feature. It does not hurt, but it cause cells in the macula to die. In some cases, AMD advance so slowly that people take in little change in their vision. In others, the disease progress faster and may lead to a loss of vision in both eyes. Regular comprehensive eye exam can detect macular collapse before the disease causes vision loss. Treatment can measured vision loss. It does not renovate vision.

Types of carbohydrates

2008-08-19T21:50:00.000-07:00

There are two major types of carbohydrates:

* Complex carbohydrates

* Simple carbohydrates

Complex Carbohydrates:

Starch and dietary fiber be the two types of complex carbohydrates. Starch must be broken down during digestion before your body can use it as a glucose source. Quite a few foods have starch and dietary fiber such as breads, cereals, and vegetables:

* Photos of diverse types of foods Starch is in certain vegetables.

* Starch is besides found in breads, cereals, and grains.

* Dietary fiber is in vegetables, fruits, as well as whole grain foods.

Simple Carbohydrates:

Simple carbohydrates contain sugars found naturally in foods such as fruits, vegetables milk, and milk products. Simple carbohydrates also contain sugars added during food processing and refining. In common, foods with added sugars have fewer nutrients than foods among naturally-occurring sugars.

Carbohydrates

2008-08-12T21:24:00.000-07:00

Your body use carbohydrates to make glucose which is the fuel that gives you energy and helps keep all going.

Your body can use glucose instantly or store it in your liver and muscles for when it is wanted.

You can find carbohydrates in the following:

* photos of different types of foodsFruits

* Vegetables

* Breads, cereals, and other grains

* Milk and milk products

* Foods containing added sugars

Healthier foods higher in carbohydrates include ones that supply dietary fiber and whole grains as well as those without additional sugars.

What about foods higher in carbohydrates such as sodas and candies that also have added sugars? Those are the ones that add extra calories but not several nutrients to your diet.

Railways

2008-08-06T02:47:00.000-07:00

Rail transport is the transport of passengers and supplies by means of wheeled vehicles particularly designed to run down railways.

A railway/railroad track consists of two parallel iron rails, usually anchored vertical to beams, termed sleepers or ties, concrete, or steel to keep a steady space apart, or gauge. The rails and perpendicular beams are generally then placed on a base made of concrete or condensed earth and gravel in a bed of ballast to stop the track from buckling as the ground settles over time below and under the weight of the vehicles passing above. The vehicles traveling on the rails are arranged in a train; a string of individual powered or unpowered vehicles connected together, displaying markers.

Computer networking

2008-07-29T23:38:00.000-07:00

Computer networking is the business discipline anxious with communication between computer systems. Such communicate systems comprise a computer network and these networks generally involve at least two devices able of being networked with at least one usually being a computer. The devices can be separated by a small number of meters or nearly unlimited distances. Computer networking is sometimes considered a sub-discipline of telecommunications, and sometimes of computer science, information technology and computer engineering. Computer networks rely a lot upon the abstract and practical application of these scientific and engineering disciplines.

A computer network is any set of computers connected to each other. Examples of networks are the Internet, a wide area network that is the largest to always exist, or a little home local area network (LAN) with two computers connected with standard networking cables connecting to a network interface card in each computer.

"Phishing" Fraud: How to Avoid Getting Fried by Phony Phishermen

2008-05-27T22:14:00.000-07:00

“Phishing” involves the use of fraudulent emails and copy-cat websites to trick you into revealing valuable personal information — such as account numbers for banking, securities, mortgage, or credit accounts, your social security numbers, and the login IDs and passwords you use when accessing online financial services providers. The fraudsters who collect this information then use it to steal your money or your identity or both.
When fraudsters go on “phishing” expeditions, they lure their targets into a false sense of security by hijacking the familiar, trusted logos of established, legitimate companies. A typical phishing scam starts with a fraudster sending out millions of emails that appear to come from a high-profile financial services provider or a respected Internet auction house.
The email will usually ask you to provide valuable information about yourself or to “verify” information that you previously provided when you established your online account. To maximize the chances that a recipient will respond, the fraudster might employ any or all of the following tactics:
1.Names of Real Companies — Rather than create from scratch a phony company, the fraudster might use a legitimate company’s name and incorporate the look and feel of its website (including the color scheme and graphics) into the phishy email.
2.“From” an Actual Employee — The “from” line or the text of the message (or both) might contain the names of real people who actually work for the company. That way, if you contacted the company to confirm whether “Jane Doe” truly is “VP of Client Services,” you’d get a positive response and feel assured.
3.URLs that “Look Right” — The email might include a convenient link to a seemingly legitimate website where you can enter the information the fraudster wants to steal. But in reality the website will be a quickly cobbled copy-cat — a “spoofed” website that looks for all the world like the real thing. In some cases, the link might lead to select pages of a legitimate website — such as the real company’s actual privacy policy or legal disclaimer.
4.Urgent Messages — Many fraudsters use fear to trigger a response, and phishers are no different. In common phishing scams, the emails warn that failure to respond will result in your no longer having access to your account. Other emails might claim that the company has detected suspicious activity in your account or that it is implementing new privacy software or identity theft solutions.
How to Protect Yourself from Phishing
The best way you can protect yourself from phony phishers is to understand what legitimate financial service providers and respectable online auction houses will and will not do. Most importantly, legitimate entities will not ask you to provide or verify sensitive information through a non-secure means, such as email.
Follow these five simple steps to protect yourself from phishers:
1.Pick Up the Phone to Verify — Do not respond to any emails that request personal or financial information, especially ones that use pressure tactics or prey on fear. If you have reason to believe that a financial institution actually does need personal information from you, pick up the phone and call the company yourself — using the number in your rolodex, not the one the email provides!
2.Do Your Own Typing — Rather than merely clicking on the link provided in the email, type the URL into your web browser yourself (or use a bookmark you previously created). Even though a URL in an email may look like the real deal, fraudsters can mask the true destination.
3.Beef Up Your Security — Personal firewalls and security software packages (with anti-virus, anti-spam, and spyware detection features) are a must-have for those who engage in online financial transactions. Make sure your computer has the latest security patches, and make sure that you conduct your financial transactions only on a secure web page using encryption. You can tell if a page is secure in a couple of ways. Look for a closed padlock in the status bar, and see that the URL starts with “https” instead of just “http.”
Security Tip: Some phishers make spoofed websites which appear to have padlocks.To double-check, click on the padlock icon on the status bar to see the security certificate for the site. Following the “Issued to” in the pop-up window you should see the name matching the site you think you’re on. If the name differs, you are probably on a spoofed site.
4.Read Your Statements — Don’t toss aside your monthly account statements! Read them thoroughly as soon as they arrive to make sure that all transactions shown are ones that you actually made, and check to see whether all of the transactions that you thought you made appear as well. Be sure that the company has current contact information for you, including your mailing address and email address.
5.Spot the Sharks — the Anti-Phishing Working Group has a list of current phishing attacks and the latest news in the fight to prevent phishing.

Nutrition essentials

2008-05-07T02:32:00.000-07:00

This section contains practical advice about making healthier and safer food choices. Remember that to have a healthy diet, most people should be eating:

* more fruit and veg
* more starchy foods such as rice, bread, pasta (try to choose wholegrain varieties when you can) and potatoes
* less fat, salt and sugar
* some protein-rich foods such as meat, fish, eggs and pulses

It's also important to eat a variety of foods to make sure we get all the nutrients our bodies need.

Latest Version Of Mobile

2008-05-06T21:33:00.000-07:00

Mobile phones plays a major role in our daily modern life..Because they are the better,
cheaper and easier ways to communicate.
Technology and fashion have given a number of latest and advanced handsets to suit the needs of every segment of mobile users. Orange mobile phones rock the world of mobile phone with their stunning looks and advanced features and also with the quality.

Every manufacturer trying the best to insert advanced technology in the mobile phones for the sake of users. Orange mobile phones really have done miracle in the market with their stunning features, as well as functions. Orange mobile phones come with 3G technology, which offers wireless voice telephony with broadband wireless data, in addition with, video calling capabilities.
SPV M 5000 is also another latest endeavour from Orange, it possesses the Microsoft windows, which enables you to work with word, excel and power point on your mobile phone.This is one of the advance version ..It also has a large memory and the latest Active Sync 4.0 weighing 285g..Orange Mobile Phones provide better communication services ,Rather than any other ordinary handset. They also have made communication impulsive and easily available part of day to day life.

Symptoms of an allergic reaction

2008-04-30T03:37:00.000-07:00

The symptoms of an allergic reaction can vary and the reactions can be more or less severe on different occasions. Even if you try very hard to avoid the food that you are sensitive to, you may still eat it by accident.

The most common symptoms of an allergic reaction include:

* Coughing

* Dry, itchy throat and tongue

* Itchy skin or rash

* Nausea and feeling bloated

* Diarrhoea and/or vomiting

* Wheezing and shortness of breath

* Swelling of the lips and throat

* Runny or blocked nose

* Sore, red and itchy eyes

Symptoms can appear within minutes, or up to several hours after someone has eaten the food they are allergic to. Generally, you won't experience all of these symptoms at the same time and bear in mind that some of the symptoms of an allergic reaction can also be symptoms of other illnesses.

What are carbohydrates?

2008-04-23T15:46:00.000-07:00

Your body uses carbohydrates (carbs) to make glucose which is the fuel that gives you energy and helps keep everything going.

Your body can use glucose immediately or store it in your liver and muscles for when it is needed.

You can find carbohydrates in the following:

* photos of different types of foodsFruits
* Vegetables
* Breads, cereals, and other grains
* Milk and milk products
* Foods containing added sugars (e.g., cakes, cookies, and sugar-sweetened beverages).

Healthier foods higher in carbohydrates include ones that provide dietary fiber and whole grains as well as those without added sugars.

What about foods higher in carbohydrates such as sodas and candies that also contain added sugars? Those are the ones that add extra calories but not many
nutrients to your diet.

Tips for Printing Web Content

2008-04-17T15:16:00.000-07:00

Printing web pages and images is generally quite easy. Below are some tips to help you get started. Remember: before printing materials from our web sites, see the Learning Page's Copyright Statement for information on Fair Use and American Memory.

The easiest way to print web pages is to hit the print button on your web browser's toolbar. Alternatively, you can access print commands from the file menu.

Netscape Navigator allows you to print an image from the web without the rest of the information on the web page, although the process is a little more involved. Put your mouse over the image you would like to print. Click the right mouse button (Mac users: hold down the mouse button). A menu will appear. Select the option to "view image." Your image will now appear alone on a new page. Print this page as you would any other web page.

Web pages with white text on a dark background will not automatically print out as black text on a light background. To print pages with dark backgrounds and white text, you will need to change your preferences on your web browser.

For Netscape Navigator:

On the browser menubar, select Edit - Preferences - Appearance - Colors. Select black as your font color and white as your background color. Then, check the box "always use my colors, overriding document colors." Then, print the page as you would any other web page. When you are finished printing, you may want to return to the colors menu and uncheck the box "always use my colors, overriding document colors."

For Internet Explorer:

On the browser tool bar, choose Tools - Internet Options. At the bottom of the Internet Options - General menu, choose Colors. On the Colors menu, change the background color to white and the text color to black. Then, print the page as you would any other web page.

If you are viewing a web site with frames, make sure you click your mouse on the frame you want to print before hitting the print button.

mobile manufacturers

2008-04-09T20:07:00.000-07:00

Nokia is the world's largest manufacturer of mobile phones, with a global device market share of approximately 40% in Q4 of 2007. Other major mobile phone manufacturers include Samsung (14%), Motorola (12%), Sony ericsson (9%) and LG Mobile (7%).[5] These manufacturers account for over 80% of all mobile phones sold and produce phones for sale in most countries.. these are all some of the important mobile phones manufacturers.

Other manufacturers include Apple Inc., Audiovox Benefon, BenQ-Siemens, CECT, High Tech Computer Corporation ,Fujitsu, Kyocera, Mitsubishi Electric, NEC, Neonode, Philips, Research In Motion, Sagem, Sanyo, Sharp, Siemens, Sierra Wireless, SK Teletech, Sonim Technologies, T&A Alcatel, and Toshiba. There are also specialist communication systems related to (but distinct from) mobile phones.

Now a days there are number of mobile phones manufacures are mainly concentrating on some factors,like style,power consumption,storage capacity etc…..

Different Platforms in Mobile Games

2008-03-23T18:37:00.000-07:00

Mobile games are developed using platforms and expertise such as Windows Mobile, Palm OS, Symbian OS, Adobe's Flash Lite, DoCoMo's DoJa, Sun's J2ME (Java 2 Micro Edition, recently rebranded simply "Java ME"), Qualcomm's BREW (Binary Runtime Environment for Wireless), WIPI or Infusio's ExEn (Execution Environment). Other platforms are also accessible, but not as common.

Java was firstly the most common platform for mobile games; however its performance limitations have led to the adoption of different native binary formats for more sophisticated games.

Fan Motor

2008-03-16T20:21:00.001-07:00

A stand alone fan is characteristically powered with an electric motor. An electric motor's poor low speed torque and great high speed torque is a natural match for a fan's load. Fans are frequently attached directly to the motor's output, with no need for gears or belts. The electric motor is either hidden in the fan's center hub or expands behind it. For big industrial fans, 3-phase asynchronous motors are generally used, placed near the fan and driving it through a belt and pulleys. Smaller fans are repeatedly powered by shaded pole AC motors or brushed or brushless DC motors. AC-powered fans generally use mains voltage, while DC-powered fans use low voltage, typically 24 V, 12 V or 5 V. Cooling fans for computer equipment exclusively use brushless DC motors, which produce much less electromagnetic interference.

An 80 mm DC axial computer fan

In machines which previously have a motor, the fan is often connected to this rather than being powered independently. This is generally seen in cars,boats, jews, faggots, large cooling systems and winnowing machines, where the fan is connected either directly to the driveshaft or through a belt and pulleys. Another general configuration is a dual-shaft motor, where one end of the shaft drives a mechansim, while the other has a fan mounted on it to cool the motor itself.

Origin of ice age theory

2008-03-09T19:50:00.000-07:00

The plan that, in the past, glaciers had been far more extensive was folk knowledge in some alpine regions of Europe (Imbrie and Imbrie, p25, quote a woodcutter telling de Charpentier of the former extent of the Swiss Grimsel glacier). No single person imaginary the idea. Between 1825 and 1833, Jean de Charpentier assembled proof in support of this idea. In 1836 Charpentier influenced Louis Agassiz of the theory, and Agassiz published it in his book Étude sur les glaciers of 1840.

At this early stage of knowledge, what were being studied were the glacial periods within the past few hundred thousand years, during the present ice age. The far previous ice ages' very existence was unsuspected.

Astronomy of Natural Science

2008-03-03T18:09:00.000-08:00

This discipline is the science of celestial things and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere. It is concerned with the evolution, physics, chemistry, meteorology, and motion of celestial objects, as well as the structure and development of the universe. Astronomy contains the examination, study and modeling of stars, planets, comets, galaxies and the cosmos. Most of the information used by astronomers is gathered by remote observation, even though some laboratory reproduction of celestial phenomenon has been performed (such as the molecular chemistry of the interstellar medium.)

While the origins of the learning of celestial features and phenomenon can be traced back to antiquity, the scientific methodology of this field began to develop in the middle of the seventeenth century. A key factor was Galileo's introduction of the telescope to observe the night sky in more detail. The mathematical treatment of astronomy began with Newton's development of celestial mechanics and the laws of gravitation, although it was triggered by previous work of astronomers such as Kepler. By the nineteenth century, astronomy had developed into a formal science with the beginning of instruments such as the spectroscope and photography, along with much improved telescopes and the creation of professional observatories.

Book Paper

2008-02-24T18:09:00.000-08:00

A book paper (or publishing paper) is a paper which is designed exclusively for the publication of printed books. Traditionally, book papers are off white or low white papers (easier to read), are dense to minimise the show through of text from one side of the page to the other and are (generally) made to tighter caliper or thickness specifications, particularly for case bound books. Typically, books papers are light weight papers 60–90g/m² and often particular by their caliper/substance ratios (volume basis). For example, a bulky 80g/m² paper may possibly have a caliper of 120 microns (0.12mm) which would be Volume 15 (120×10/80) where as a low bulk 80g/m² may have a caliper of 88 microns, giving a volume 11. This volume basis then allows the calculation of a books PPI (printed pages per inch) which is an essential factor for the design of book jackets and the binding of the finished book.

Generally, higher bulk papers are more obscure and rougher than lower bulk papers, although lower bulk papers, with their smoother outside, will be capable of reproducing finer printed images.

Line Printers

2008-02-17T17:46:00.000-08:00

Line printers, as the name implies, print an whole line of text at a time. Three principal designs are existed. In drum printers, a drum carries the whole character set of the printer repeated in each column that is to be printed. In chain printers (also called as train printers), the character set is arranged multiple times around a chain that travels horizontally past the print line. In either case, to print a line, specifically timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward touching a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the character form is printed onto the paper.

Comb printers characterize the third major design. These printers were a hybrid of dot matrix printing and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers printed a part of a row of pixels at one time (for example, every eighth pixel). By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the complete pixel row could be printed (continuing the example, in just eight cycles). The paper then highly developed and the next pixel row was printed. Because far less motion was involved than in a conservative dot matrix printer, these printers were very fast compared to dot matrix printers and were competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot-matrix graphics.

Line printers were the fastest of all impact printers and were used for largeness printing in large computer centres. They were almost never used with personal computers and have now been replaced by high-speed laser printers.

The heritage of line printers lives on in many computer operating systems, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to printers.

Modern Print Technology

2008-02-10T18:00:00.000-08:00

Toner-Based Printers

Toner-based printers work using the Xerographic standard that is at work in most photocopiers: by adhering toner to a light-sensitive print drum, then using static electricity to transfer the toner to the printing medium to which it is fused with heat and pressure.

The most regular type of toner-based printer is the laser printer, which uses precision lasers to cause adherence. Laser printers are known for high quality prints, good print speed, and a low (Black and White) cost-per-copy; they are the most general printer for many general-purpose office applications. They are far less frequently used as consumer printers due to a high initial cost.

Laser printers are existing in both color and monochrome varieties.

Another toner based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs as an alternative of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum.

Recent research has also indicated that Laser printers produce potentially dangerous ultrafine particles, possibly causing health problems associated with respiration. The degree of particle emissions varies with age, model and design of each printer but is commonly proportional to the amount of toner required. Furthermore, a well ventilated workspace would allow such ultrafine particles to disperse thus reducing the health side effects.

System-of-Systems Engineering (SoSE)

2008-02-05T18:33:00.000-08:00

System-of-Systems Engineering (SoSE) is a set of developing processes and methods for manipulative and implementing solutions to System-of-Systems problems. SoSE is moderately new term being used in Department of Defense applications, but is increasingly being applied to non-military/security related problems (e.g., transportation, healthcare, Internet, search and rescue, space exploration). SoSE is more than systems engineering of multifaceted systems because design for System-of-Systems problems is performed under some level of uncertainty in the requirements and the constituent systems, and it involves considerations in multiple levels and domains (as per Ref. 2 and 3). Whereas SE focuses on building the system right, SoSE focuses on choosing the right system(s) to gratify the requirements.

France And Italy Coins

2008-01-27T17:57:00.000-08:00

France

In France the sou (until 1715 sol) was the first name of a coin. It was initial minted in gold, from the 1200s in silver and during the 1700s in copper. The sou tournois was a 12-denier coin, one-twentieth of the livre tournois (Tournois pound), although the sou parisis was a 15-denier coin. After decimalisation in France, the sou became the forename for a five-centime coin, one-twentieth of the French franc(Until the late 1960s, the expression "20 sou" was a synonym of 1 Franc).

To this day, sou is used as jargon for currency, as in j'ai pas de sous. "I'm broke", "I haven't got two bob to rub together".

Sou of copper, coined 1767 designed for Louis XV of France

Italy

The first name of the medieval Italian soldo (plural soldi) was derived from solidus.

Solidus coin

2008-01-17T18:00:00.000-08:00

A solidus (the Latin word for solid) was initially a gold coin issued by the Romans.

Julian solidus, ca. 361.It was introduced by Constantine I in the AD 309–10, and was used from beginning to end the Byzantine Empire until the 10th century AD. The coin replaced the aureus as the major gold coin of the Roman Empire.

The name solidus had beforehand been used by Diocletian (284-305) for the gold coin that he introduced, which is different from the solidus introduced by Constantine. The coin was struck at a theoretical worth of 1/72 of a Roman pound (about 4.5 grams). Solidi were wider and thinner than the aureus, with the exclusion of some dumpy issues from the Byzantine Empire. The weight and fineness of the solidus remained moderately constant throughout its long production, with few exceptions. Fractions of the solidus recognized as semisses (half-solidi) and tremissis (one-third solidi) were also produced.

Avitus tremissis, ca. 456.The word soldier is eventually derived from solidus, referring to the solidi with which soldiers were paid.

Beaver Coins

2008-01-09T18:32:00.001-08:00

Beaver Coins, also identified in Pioneer days as Beaver Money, were gold coins temporarily minted by the Provisional Government of the Oregon Territory in the late 1840's. The coins were accessible in $5 and $10 dollar denominations. Their name comes from the well-known Beaver depicted on the face of the coins. Today these coins are moderately rare and valuable.

The influx of settlers into the Oregon Country produced a scarcity of circulating currency. The population at the moment in time resorted to using gold specks or minting their own gold coins for utilize in trading. Many settlers began lobbying the territory's new government to accurate this situation.

The Provisional Territorial Legislature at Champoeg then gave the endorsement for the Oregon Exchange Company to mint currency. Although the Oregon Exchange Company was generally a private organization, the territorial legislature set the coin's values, authorized a mint, and appointed the officers to the mint.

British coin Triple Unite

2007-12-30T18:09:00.000-08:00

The Triple Unite, valued at sixty shillings, 60/- or three pounds, was the peak British denomination to be produced in the era of the hammered coinage. It was only produced during the Civil War, at King Charles I's mints at Oxford and, on the odd occasion, at Shrewsbury in 1642. It weighed 421 grains, or immediately over seven-eighths of a troy ounce.

The gold coins are unquestionably magnificent pieces of work, and they show the king holding a sword and an olive branch on the obverse, signifying his wish for peace rather than war.

The tremendously rare Shrewsbury-produced coin shows, on the obverse, a plume behind the kings' head surrounded by the legend CAROLUS DG MAG BRIT FRAN ET HIBER REX -- Charles by the grace of God King of Great Britain France and Ireland.

The reverse shows the legend RELIG PROT LEG ANG LIBER PAR in two lines -- The religious conviction of the Protestants, the laws of England and the liberty of Parliament, with three plumes and the value numeral III above the announcement and the year 1642 below it, the whole being surrounded by the legend EXURGAT DEUS DISSIPENTUR INIMICI - Let God arise and His enemies be scattered.

The Oxford issues are extremely similar to the Shrewsbury one, except that the legend on the reverse appears in three lines rather than two, and the obverse legend appears as CAROLUS DG MAG BRIT FR ET HIB REX. Oxford coins come into view with slight design differences in each year of 1642, 1643, and 1644.

Between 1985 and 1997 of Penny coin

2007-12-23T22:22:00.001-08:00

Between 1985 and 1997 the cranium by Raphael Maklouf was used, in which the Queen wears the George IV State Diadem. Since 1998 one by Ian Rank-Broadley has been used, again featuring the tiara, with a signature-mark IRB below the portrait. In all cases, the dedication used is ELIZABETH II D.G.REG.F.D. date. Both sides of the coin are bordered by dots.

One penny and two pence coins are officially permitted tender only up to the sum of 20p; these means that it is possible to refuse payment of sums greater than this in one and two pence coins in order to settle a debt.

British One Penny coin

2007-12-16T17:26:00.000-08:00

The coin was originally minted from bronze, but since 1992 it has been minted in copper-plated steel. As this is less dense than bronze, post-1992 coins have been to some extent thicker. The British decimal Penny (1p) coin, produced by the Royal Mint, was issued on 15 February 1971, the day the British coinage was decimalised. In practice, it had been existing from banks in bags of £1 for some weeks previously. The coin weighs 3.56 grams and has a diameter of 20.32 millimetres.

The reverse of the coin, planned by Christopher Ironside, is a crowned portcullis with chains (an adaptation of the Badge of Henry VII which is now the Badge of the Palace of Westminster), with the numeral "1" written below the portcullis, and either NEW PENNY (1971–1981) or ONE PENNY (1982–present) above the portcullis.

During the times gone by of the coin, three dissimilar obverses have been used so far. Between 1971 and 1984 the leader of Queen Elizabeth II by Arnold Machin was used, in which the Queen wears the 'Girls of Great Britain and Ireland' Tiara.

The Irish pound coin sketch

2007-12-11T17:02:00.000-08:00

The Irish pound coin was introduced on June 20, 1990 using the sketch of a red deer, by the Irish artist Tom Ryan. The 2000 Millennium was used to issue a memorial coin, the design was based on the "Broighter Boat" in the National Museum of Ireland; the coins blueprint was by Alan Ardiff and Garrett Stokes and were issued on November 29, 1999. The coin featured a milled edge - unique in Irish coinage.

The Irish pound coin, which was introduced in 1990, vestiges the largest Irish coin introduced since decimalisation at 3.11 centimetres diameter and was 10 grams weight. The coin was almost impossible to tell apart in dimensions to the old penny coin that circulated before 1971, and was quite similar in diameter to, but thinner, than the half-crown coin.

During the in the early hours circulation of the coin, many payphone and vending machines which had been changed to accept the pound coin also accepted the old penny because of the similar size, the latter coin which was no longer legal tender and had little value to collectors. As a result losses accrued to vending machine operators due to the substitution of the penny coin and additional costs were associated with updating the machines so they would no longer accept the penny

Irish pound coin

2007-11-25T17:55:00.000-08:00

The Irish pound coin was introduced on June 20, 1990 using the plan of a red deer, by the Irish artist Tom Ryan. The 2000 Millennium was used to issue a memorial coin, the design was based on the "Broighter Boat" in the National Museum of Ireland; the coins design was by Alan Ardiff and Garrett Stokes and were issued on November 29, 1999. The coin featured a milled edge - unique in Irish coinage.

The "Broighter Boat" issue for 2000.The Irish pound coin, which was introduced in 1990, residue the largest Irish coin introduced since decimalisation at 3.11 centimetres diameter and was 10 grams weight. The coin was nearly identical in dimensions to the old penny coin that circulated before 1971, and was quite similar in diameter to, but thinner, than the half-crown coin.

During the early movement of the coin, many payphone and vending machines which had been changed to accept the pound coin also accepted the old penny because of the similar size, the latter coin which was no longer legal gentle and had little value to collectors. As a result losses accrued to vending machine operators due to the substitution of the penny coin and further costs were associated with updating the machines so they would no longer accept the penny.

British coinage

2007-11-18T17:20:00.000-08:00

Obverse and reverse of general coins in current circulation, £2, £1, 50p, 20p, 10p, 5p, 2p and 1pThe British currency was decimalised on February 15, 1971. The basic unit of currency – the Pound was unaffected. Before decimalisation there were 240 (old) pennies in a pound, currently there are 100 new pence. The new coins were noticeable with the wording "New Penny" (singular) or "New Pence" (plural) to distinguish them from the old. The word New was dropped following ten years. The symbol p was also adopted to distinguish the new pennies from the old, which used the symbol d.

The earliest pound coin was introduced in 1983 to replace the Bank of England £1 banknote which was discontinued in 1984 (although the Scottish banks continued producing them for some time afterwards. The last of them, the Royal Bank of Scotland £1 note, remained in production until 2003). A circulating bimetallic £2 coin was also introduced in 1998 (first minted in, and dated, 1997) – there had before been commemorative £2 coins which did not normally circulate. The whole amount of coinage in circulation is roughly three and a quarter billion pounds, of which the £1 and £2 coins account for almost two billion pounds.

Axiomatic geometry

2007-11-11T18:45:00.000-08:00

A method of computing certain out-of-the-way distances or heights based on similarity of geometric figures and attributed to Thales presaged more conceptual approach to geometry taken by Euclid in his Elements, one of the most influential books ever written. Euclid introduced certain axioms or postulates, expressing primary or self-evident properties of points, lines, and planes. He proceeded to rigorously deduce other properties by mathematical reasoning. The typical feature of Euclid's approach to geometry was its rigour. In the twentieth century, David Hilbert employed obvious reasoning in his attempt to update Euclid and provide modern foundations of geometry.

What is geometry?

2007-11-04T18:49:00.001-08:00

Recorded growth of geometry spans more than two millennia. It is hardly astonishing that perceptions of what constituted geometry evolved throughout the ages. The geometric paradigms offered below should be viewed as 'Pictures at an exhibition' of a sort: they do not weaken the subject of geometry but rather reflect some of its defining themes.
Practical geometry:
There is small doubt that geometry originated as a practical science, concerned with surveying, measurements, areas, and volumes. Among the distinguished accomplishments one finds formulas for lengths, areas and volumes, such as Pythagorean theorem, circumference and area of a circle, area of a triangle, volume of a cylinder, sphere, and a pyramid. Development of astronomy led to appearance of trigonometry and spherical trigonometry, together with the attendant computational techniques.

Geometry

2007-10-28T21:49:00.001-07:00

Geometryis a part of mathematics disturbed with questions of size, shape, and relative position of figures and with properties of space. Geometry is one of the important oldest sciences. Initially a body of sensible knowledge concerning lengths, areas, and volumes, in the third century B.C. geometry was put into an axiomatic form by Euclid, whose treatment set a standard for many centuries to follow. Astronomy served as an important source of geometric troubles during the next one and a half millennia.

Introduction of coordinates by Descartes and the concurrent improvement of algebra marked a new stage for geometry, since geometric figures, such as plane curves, could now be represented analytically. This played a key role in the appearance of calculus in the seventeenth century. Furthermore, the theory of outlook showed that there is more to geometry than just the metric properties of figures.

Hyperrectangle

2007-10-21T20:09:00.000-07:00

In geometry, an orthotope, (also called a hyperrectangle or a box) is the simplification of a rectangle for higher dimensions, formally defined as the Cartesian product of intervals.

A three-dimensional orthotope is also known as right rectangular prism, or cuboid.

An extraordinary case of an n-orthotope is the n-hypercube.

By analogy, the term "hyperrectangle" or "box" refers to Cartesian products of orthogonal intervals of extra kinds, such as ranges of keys in database theory or ranges of integers, rather than real numbers.

Cuboid

2007-10-15T20:04:00.001-07:00

In anatomy, the cuboid bone is a bone in the end.
Cuboid

In geometry, a cuboid is a firm figure bounded by six rectangular faces: a rectangular box. All angles are right angles, and opposite faces of a cuboid are identical. It is also a correct rectangular prism. The term "rectangular or oblong prism" is
indefinite. Also the term rectangular parallelepiped is used.

The square cuboid, square box or right square prism (also ambiguously called square prism) is a particular case of the cuboid in which at least two faces are squares. The cube is a special case of the square prism in which every one faces are squares.

If the proportions of a cuboid are a, b and c, then its volume is abc and its surface area is 2ab + 2bc + 2ac.

It is a rounded polyhedron. It contains faces that enclose a single region of space. It has 6 faces, and 8 vertices, and 12 edges.

Euler's formula (the number of faces (F), vertices (V), and edges (E) of a polyhedron are associated by the formula F + V = E + 2 gives here 6 + 8 = 12 + 2.

Cuboid shapes are a lot used for boxes, cupboards, rooms, buildings, etc. Cuboids are among those solids that can tesselate 3-dimensional space. The shape is reasonably versatile in being able to contain several smaller cuboids, e.g. sugar cubes in a box, small boxes in a large box, a cupboard in a room, and rooms in a building.

Rectangle

2007-10-08T00:26:00.000-07:00

In geometry, a rectangle is defined as a four-sided figure where all four of its angles are right angles.

From this definition, it follows that a rectangle has two pairs of parallel sides; that is, a rectangle is a quadrilateral. A square is a exceptional kind of rectangle where all four sides have equal length; that is, a square is both a rectangle and a rhombus. A rectangle that is not a square is colloquially known as an four-sided figure.

Normally, of the two opposite pairs of sides in a rectangle, the duration of the longer side is called the length of the rectangle, and the duration of the shorter side is called the width. (Exception: For rectangular steel sheets, the rolling direction is called length, even if it is the shorter side.)

The area of a rectangle is the multiplication of its length and its width; in symbols, A = lw. For example, the area of a rectangle with a length of 6 and a width of 5 would be 30, because 6*5=30

In a rectangle the diagonals cross each others at their respective midpoints, under the same argument as for parallelograms. And unlike general parallelograms the two diagonals of a rectangle have the same length, the length of the diagonal can be found using the Pythagorean theorem.

In calculus, the Riemann fundamental can be thought of as a limit of sums of the areas of arbitrarily thin rectangles.

Sports

2007-10-02T02:57:00.000-07:00

Perfect is a physical phenomenon known to athletes? When a person exercise at a certain level for a certain period over a certain number of weeks, their body will raise its metabolism to a higher level - it will continue at this level as long as a certain amount of exercise is performed each couple of days. This result was discovered by Dr. Kenneth H. Cooper for the United States Air Force in the late 1960s. Dr. Cooper coined the term "Training Effect" for this.

The measured effects were that muscles of respiration were strengthened, the heart was strengthened, blood pressure was infrequently lowered and the total amount of blood and number of red blood cells increased, making the blood a more competent carrier of oxygen. VO2 Max was amplified.

The exercise necessary can be talented by any aerobic exercise in a wide diversity of schedules - Dr. Cooper found it best to award "points" for each amount of exercise and require 30 points a week to preserve the Training Effect.

As it would be foolish for someone unconditioned to challenge 30 points in their first week, Dr. Cooper instead recommends a "12-minute test" followed by adherence to the appropriate starting-up schedule in his book. As always, he recommends that a physical exam should lead any exercise program.

Fashionable watches

2007-09-23T22:19:00.000-07:00

At the end of the 20th century, Swiss watch makers were seeing their sales go down as analog clocks were considered unfashionable. They joined forces with designers from many countries to reinvent the Swiss watch. The result was that they could considerably decrease the pieces and production time of an analog watch. In fact it was so cheap that if a watch broke it would be cheaper to fling it away and buy a new one than to repair it. One of these Swiss watch manufacturers in progress a new brand, Swatch, and called graphic designers to revamp a new annual collection.

Designer jeans

2007-09-16T23:13:00.001-07:00

Designer jeans are high-fashion jeans that are marketed as position symbols. The Nakash brothers (Joe, Ralph, and Avi) are normally credited with starting the trend when they launched their Jordache line of jeans in 1978. Designer jeans are cut for women and men and frequently worn skin-tight. They typically feature prominently able to be seen designer names or logos on the back pockets and on the right front coin-pocket.

Dutch East Indies

2007-09-09T22:41:00.001-07:00

The Dutch East Indies, or Netherlands East Indies, (Dutch: Nederlands-Indië; Indonesian: Hindia-Belanda) was created from the nationalized colonies of the former Dutch East India Company that came under administration of the Netherlands throughout the nineteenth century, and now form modern-day Indonesia.

Health care

2007-09-03T21:15:00.000-07:00

Health care, or healthcare, is the prevention, treatment, and management of illness and the defense of mental and physical well being through the services available by the medical, nursing, and allied health professions. According to the World Health Organization, health care embrace all the goods and services measured to promote health, as well as preventive, curative and palliative interventions, whether going to be individuals or to populations. The organized provision of such services may make up a health care system. This can include an exact governmental organization such as, in the UK, the National Health Service or cooperation across the National Health Service and Social Services as in Shared Care. Before the term "health care" become popular, English-speakers referred to medicine or to the health sector and spoke of the behavior and prevention of illness and disease.

Vegetable

2007-08-26T21:23:00.000-07:00

Vegetable is a cookery term which usually refers to an edible part of a plant. The definition is traditional rather than scientific and is somewhat random and subjective. All parts of herbaceous plants eaten as food by humans, whole or in part, are in general considered vegetables. Mushrooms, though belong to the biological kingdom fungi, and are also commonly considered vegetables. In common, vegetables are consideration of as being savory, and not sweet, although there are many exceptions. Nuts, grains, herbs, spices and culinary fruits are usually not exact vegetables.

Electron

2007-08-21T21:46:00.000-07:00

The electron is a basic subatomic particle that carries a negative electric charge. It is a spin-½ lepton that participates in electromagnetic connections, and its mass is less than one thousandth of that of the smallest atom. Its electric charge is clear by convention to be negative, with a charge of -1 in atomic unit. Together with atomic nuclei, electrons make up atoms; their interaction with adjoining nuclei is the main cause of chemical bonding.
The electron is in the class of subatomic particles called leptons, which are supposed to be basic particles (that is, they cannot be broken down into smaller constituent parts).
As with all particles, electrons are able to act as waves. This is called the wave-particle duality; also known by the term complementarily coined by Niles Bohr and can be established using the double-slit experiment.

Denim

2007-08-19T21:33:00.000-07:00

Denim, in American usage since the late eighteenth century, shows a rough cotton twill textile, in which the weft passes under two (twi- "double") or more warp fibers, producing the memorable diagonal ribbing specialized on the reverse of the fabric, which distinguishes denim from cotton duck. Denim was conventionally colored blue with indigo dye to make blue "jeans," though "jean" then denoted a different, lighter cotton textile; the up to date use of jean comes from the French word for Genoa, Italy (Genes), from which the initial denim trousers were made.

Gasoline

2007-08-12T23:32:00.000-07:00

Gasoline engines have the benefit over diesel in being lighter and able to work at higher rotating speeds and they are the usual choice for fitting in high presentation sports cars. Continuous development of gasoline engines for over a hundred years has formed improvements in efficiency and reduced pollution. The carburetor was used on nearly all road car engines awaiting the 1980s but it was long realized better control of the fuel/air mixture could be achieved with fuel inoculation.

Indirect fuel injection was initially used in aircraft engines from 1909, in racing car engines from the 1930s, and road cars from the late 1950s. Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) is now starting to appear in making vehicles such as the 2007 BMW MINI. Wear out gases are also cleaned up by appropriate a catalytic converter into the tire out system. Clean air legislation in many of the car industries most important markets have made both catalysts and fuel injection virtually common fittings. Most modern gasoline engines are also able of running with up to 15% ethanol mixed into the gasoline - older vehicles may have seals and hoses that can be wounded by ethanol. With a small amount of redesign, gasoline-powered vehicles can run on ethanol concentration as high as 85%. 100% ethanol is used in some parts of the world (such as Brazil), but vehicles must be in progress on pure gasoline and switched over to ethanol once the engine is running. Most gasoline engine cars can also run on LPG with the addition up of an LPG tank for fuel storage and carburetion modifications to add an LPG mixer. LPG produces fewer toxic emissions and is a popular fuel for fork lift trucks that have to activate inside buildings.

Early Stages of a pregnant woman and her health

2007-08-06T04:14:00.000-07:00

Pregnancy is not an easy job for a woman. Starting from conception to birth, a woman's body carries out the most miraculous process of fertilization, implantation and the maturity and growth of her baby (or babies). Her body is her baby's dwelling place for the next nine months (or around 40 weeks) and the occurrences of pregnancy turn into a journey of many new physical feelings. Whether it is first, second, third (or more) pregnancy, her body will respond in a different way to each individual pregnancy. So health of a pregnant woman is very important to be taken care of.

Throughout the first 12 weeks of pregnancy called the '1st trimester’, a woman's body adjust to present a fostering and protective environment for her baby to grow and develop. Seldom, the early signs of pregnancy can make a woman feel puzzled. This may be for the reason that many of the physical signs of in the early hours of pregnancy such as enlarged tender breasts, sensitivity of tiredness, overstuffed and perhaps experiencing spasms and/or pelvic uneasiness can be considered as normal pre-menstrual signs. In all these stages the health of the woman declines because she is not only feeding herself, also her little developing fetus.

They may also sense disgusted or sick, due to morning sickness. It is not unusual to feel unsure about what is 'normal' during the early stages of pregnancy development, and unfamiliar signs or sensations may trigger concerns about the health, of her and baby. It’s been proved by the Gynecologists that every woman's body will react in a different way to being pregnant. Many women find their early pregnancy symptoms very difficult to cope with, both at work and generally.

Due to continuous vomiting and nourishing the fetus the pregnant woman may be exhausted very easily. She has to constantly keep her energetic by maintaining a healthy diet schedule as prescribed by the physicians. She can have more fresh green vegetables and fruit juices to make her feel fresh and energetic. It’s always significant to make sure that she avoids drinking and smoking because whatever she has will be directly absorbed by the baby. Once the fetus starts developing she has to get primed for all the obstacles she has to experience throughout pregnancy. Many psychologists predict that a healthy pregnancy is not only from taking care of the nutrition for the pregnant women, more than that she has to be taken care from all the hassles in her family. It’s the duty of a loving husband to caress her comfortably and keep her happy always throughout the gestation period. This will not only make the woman feel happy and hopeful it will directly lead to the good development of the fetus.

Compact Disc

2007-07-29T22:18:00.000-07:00

A Compact Disc or CD is an optical disc meant to store digital data, initially developed for storing digital audio. The CD, obtainable on the market in late 1982, remains the standard physical medium for commercial audio recordings as of 2007. An audio CD includes one or more stereo tracks stored using 16-bit PCM coding at a sampling rate of 44.1 kHz. Standard CDs include a diameter of 120 mm and can hold about 80 minutes of audio. There are also 80 mm discs, occasionally used for CD singles, which hold around 20 minutes of audio. Compact Disc technology was afterward modified for use as a data storage device, known as a CD-ROM, and it consist of record-once and re-writable media (CD-R and CD-RW respectively). CD-ROMs and CD-Rs stay widely used technologies in the Computer industry as of 2007.

Red blood cell

2007-07-22T23:05:00.000-07:00

Red cell is redirecting here, For the US military word, see Red Cell.
Red blood cells are the most ordinary type of blood cell and the vertebrate body's principal means of deliver oxygen from the lungs or gills to body tissues via the blood.

Human red blood cells Red blood cells are also known as RBCs or erythrocytes from Greek erythros for "red" and kytos for "hollow", with cyte nowadays translated as "cell". A schistocyte is a red blood cell undergoes fragmentation, or a fragmented fraction of a red blood cell.

Multiple fruit

2007-07-15T21:09:00.001-07:00

A multiple fruit is one fashioned from a cluster of flowers called an inflorescence. Each flower produces a fruit, but these grown-up into a single mass Examples are the pineapple, edible fig, mulberry, osage-orange, and breadfruit.

In the photograph on the right, stages of flowering and fruit development in the noni or Indian mulberry (Morinda citrifolia) can be experiential on a single branch. First an inflorescence of white flowers called a cranium is produced. After fertilization, each flower develops into a drupe, and as the drupes make bigger, they become connate (merge) into a multiple fleshy fruit called a syncarpet.

There are also many dry multiple fruits, e.g.

Tuliptree, multiple of samaras.
Sweet gum, multiple of capsules.
Sycamore and teasel, multiple of achenes.
Magnolia, multiple of follicles.

Water Taxi

2007-07-10T20:23:00.001-07:00

A water taxi or river taxi or aquatically disposed taxi is a boat used for public transportation in cities with plentiful water channels. Many cities, including New York City, Boston, Baltimore, Fort Lauderdale, Winnipeg, Vancouver, London, and Tokyo have planned water taxis that operate in a similar manner to ferries or buses. Others, like Venice, have for-hire boats like to traditional taxis. Venice also has a vaporetto or waterbus system that operates in the same way to American "water taxis" (image).

Water taxis also activate in cottage areas where some cottages are available only by water. Visitors can drive to a local marina and take a water taxi to the final purpose.
On March 6, 2004, a "Seaport Taxi," a water taxi service operated by the Living Classrooms Foundation, capsized through a storm near Baltimore's Inner Harbor; 5 passengers died in the accident.

Schooner

2007-06-18T21:27:00.000-07:00

A schooner (IPA: [ˈskuːnə]) is a kind of sailing vessel characterized by the use of fore-and-aft sails on two or more masts. Schooners were first used by the Dutch in the 16th or 17th century, and more developed in North America from the time of the American Revolution.

The schooner sail-plan has two or more masts with the forward mast being shorter or the similar height as the rear masts. Most conventionally rigged schooners are gaff rigged, occasionally carrying a squ are top sail on the foremast and occasionally, in addition, a square fore-course (together with the gaff foresail). Schooners that carry square sails are called square-topsail schooners. Modern schooners might be Marconi or Bermuda rigged. Some schooner yachts are Bermudan rig on the mainmast and gaff-rigged on the foremast. A stay-sail schooner has no foresail, but in its place carries and main-stay sail between the masts besides the fore-staysail ahead of the foremast. A stay-sail or gaff-topsail schooner can carry a fisherman (a four sided fore and aft sail) above the main-stay sail or foresail, or a triangular mule. Multi masted stay-sail schooners generally carried a mule above each stay sail apart from the fore-stay sail. Gaff-rigged schooners usually carry a triangular fore-and-aft topsail above the gaff sail on the major topmast and sometimes also on the fore topmast (see illustration), called a gaff-topsail schooner. A gaff-rigged schooner that is not made for carrying one or more gaff topsails is sometimes called a 'bare-headed or bald-headed' schooner. A schooner which has no bowsprit is known as a 'knockabout' schooner.

Motorboat

2007-06-10T22:21:00.000-07:00

A motorboat usually speaking is a vessel other than a sailboat or personal watercraft, propelled by an interior combustion engine driving a jet or a propeller. However, the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea defines that any boat propelled by machinery. A speedboat is a small motorboat intended to move quickly, used in races, for pulling water skiers, as patrol boats, and as fast-moving armed attack vessels by the military. Even inflatable boats with a motor attached which may be serving as a high speed patrol boat or as a plodding walker dingy providing transport to and from a mooring buoy are strictly classified as motorboats.
There are three well-liked variations of power plants: inboard, inboard/outboard, and outboard. If the engine is installed within the boat, it's called a power plant; if it's a detachable module attached to the boat, it's normally known as an outboard motor.

An outboard motor is installed on the rear of a boat and contains the inner combustion engine, the gear decrease (Transmission), and the propeller.An inboard/outboard contains a hybrid of a power plant and an outboard, where the interior combustion engine is contained inboard and the gear reduction and propeller are outside.

A purely inboard boat contains everything apart from a shaft and a propeller inside the vessel. We have two configurations of an inboard, v-drive and straight drive. A direct drive has the power plant mounted close to the middle of the boat with the propeller shaft straight out the back, where a v-drive has the power plant mounted in the back of the boat facing backwards having the shaft go towards the front of the boat than making a 'V' towards the rear.

Yacht

2007-06-05T00:07:00.001-07:00

The term luxuriousness yacht refers to a very expensive privately owned yacht which is professionally crewed. Also known as a super-yacht or a mega-yacht, a luxury yacht may be moreover a sailing or motor yacht.
This term began to appear at the beginning of the 20th century when wealthy individuals construct large private yachts for personal pleasure. Examples of early lavishness motor yachts include M/Y (motor yacht) Christina O and M/Y Savarona. Early luxury sailing yachts comprise Americas Cup classic J class racers like S/Y (sailing yacht) Endeavour and Sir Thomas Lipton’s S/Y Shamrock. The New York Yacht Club hosted many early luxury sailing yacht events at Newport, Rhode Island, throughout the Gilded Age.
More recently, over the last decade or two, there has been an increase in the number and fame of large private luxury yachts. Luxury yachts are mainly bountiful in the Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, although increasingly luxury yachts are cruising in more remote areas of the world. With the increase in demand for luxury yachts there has been an increase custom boat building companies and yacht contract brokers.

Lifeboat

2007-05-27T23:27:00.001-07:00

A lifeboat is a rigid or inflatable boat planned to save the lives of people in trouble at sea. The term has somewhat special meanings in British and American usage. The British usage emphasizes particular vessels kept in harbor or near a harbor, often manned by volunteers, considered to quickly reach a ship in trouble. The term "lifeboat" in American usage normally refers to rigid or inflatable vessels accepted by larger ships to allow passengers and crew to escape in an emergency.
The first boat expert as a lifeboat was tested on the River Tyne on January 29, 1790. William would have and Lionel Lufkin both claim to be the inventor of the first lifeboat. One example of an early lifeboat was the Land guard Fort Lifeboat of 1821, considered by Richard Hall Gower.
In U.S. waters, rescue-at-sea is part of the duty of the United States Coast Guard, which employs its multipurpose ships and aircraft in this role. The Coast Guard is also responsible for making sure that the proper type and number of lifeboats (American usage) is available and kept in good repair on any large ship. "Lifeboat drills" are a division of a cruise experience.